The Beginnings Of Prescriptive Rules In English

The Beginnings Of Prescriptive Rules In English This research paper traces the beginnings of prescriptive grammar in the English language. It shows how the beginning of prescriptivism is closely connected with the changes in the society of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The invention of printing press, better social mobility and better education, in one way or another helped bring English to its standard level. Prescriptive efforts of the above mentioned centuries were also helpful in codifying the English language and setting this language as the standard one. INTRODUCTION My research paper traces the beginnings of prescriptive rules in the English language. The thesis is that prescriptive rules came into existence in the nineteenth century. However, after reading above mentioned works, I discovered that its beginnings could be traced before this time. Furthermore, the other assumption is that the rise of prescriptivism has been set into motion by changes in philosophy and economy, and subsequently in society, and we shall try to prove this assumption to be right throughout this essay. Also, some of the rules most commonly known as prescriptive rules will be mentioned. PRESCRIPTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE In this introduction we will define what prescriptive rules are, and point out its counterpart decriptivism (agreement). These terms are used in linguistics and both have (not only prescriptive and descriptive rules, but also prescriptive and descriptive grammars) avid supporters, for instance R.A. Lafferty and David Foster Wallace, respectively. In linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing the usage of a particular language. These rules can cover such topics as standards for spelling and grammar or syntax, or rules regarding what is deemed socially or politically correct. Prescription includes the mechanisms for establishing and maintaining an interregional language or a standardized spelling system. It can also include declarations of what particular groups consider to be good taste. If that taste is conservative, prescription may be resistant to language change. If it is radical, prescription may be productive of neologisms. Prescription can also include recommendations for effective language usage. As already mentioned, prescriptivism has its counterpart descriptivism. Descriptive methods observe and record how language is used in practice, which is the basis of all linguistic research. scholarly descriptive work is usually based on text or corpus analysis, or on field studies. However, the term description includes each individuals observations of their own language usage. Descriptive linguistics eschews value judgments and makes no recommendations. In short, descriptive linguists do not think that something can be deemed wrong in language usage. These approaches to language are seen by many as opposites because one declares what language should be like, while the other states how language really functions in everyday society. We can also claim that they are complementary, because popular debates around language issues revolve around the question how to balance them. THE STUDY As mentioned above, my original thesis was that prescriptivism first appeared in the nineteenth century. I based this thesis on the fact that the nineteenth century, or more precisely the Victorian period, was the time of great social change, which led to greater social mobility. My interest in this period and some previous essays I wrote about the mentioned period had led me to take this stand. Studies conducted by Dr. Shadya A.N. Cole (The Rise of Prescriptivism) and Laura Wright (The Development of Standard English), made me think otherwise. Different events, historical and social, contributed to the rise of prescriptivism, which means that prescriptivism did not develop outside society. Cole states that most prescriptive rules were made between 1650 and 1800 (Cole 2003:119). This covers a big time span to consider, but this was an era that saw some of the most interesting changes take place. In that time frame, the UK witnessed change in the political arena. The absolute monarchy was transformed into constitutional monarchy  [1]  . This was the result and a sign of the growing power of the middle class. Power of the middle class could best be seen in the English Civil War (1642-1651), also known as the Puritan Revolution, and by the establishment of the Commonwealth. One of the things that also had a significant impact on the dawn of prescriptivism was the expansion of the colonies, which provided the Kingdom with vast amounts of money and resources needed for industry, and also made the middle class more affluent. All of these events led to social mobility, which was something that had not been seen before (Cole 2003: 119). The new emerging middle-class was formed and it strived for social betterment. This betterment, along with good etiquette, included language. In search of such modes of behavior, which characterized the nobility, the middle class had to look outside their own customs. It might be advisable to mention here William Caxton and the year 1476. This is the starting point of the English printing press. It carries importance because it opened the doors to vernacular works, which were designed for the middle class and nobility, and also provides a precise beginning for the tracing of orthographic reform during the late fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. One of the most important works of that time was the printing of the Bible into the vernacular language and that, consequently, opened the doors to preaching in the vernacular. Printing press, without any doubt, helped to diffuse knowledge much faster and in all levels of the society. At this point all kinds of printed material became available, from newspapers, journals, pamphlets, to books. Along with this rose the number of literate people. As commercial middle-class came into prominence, it spread literate education through wider circles of society and encouraged the study of modern foreign languages (Cole 2003: 121). The separation of the Anglican Church from the Church of Rome in 1533-34 made significant changes in the characteristics of the universities. Before, universities had been the professional schools of the clergy, but now education expended into the sciences and humanities. Latin and Greek were still the languages needed to be learnt, but demand for the English language to be taught was also growing. The demand for learning English marks a turning point. Before that time, the upper-classes insisted on their children being fluent in Greek and Latin along with French. On the other hand, with the rise of the middle-class the tide started to turn because English was getting appraisal and education was aimed at producing speakers of correct English (Cole 2003: 121). Again, this demand can be traced to the changes in the society. As the middle-class grew, two sub-classes started to emerge. Those were the more genteel merchant class and the less genteel trading class. The decisive factor in their separation was the way they spoke and wrote. Thus, the teaching of the English language became necessary for the acceptance into genteel society. Philosophy and the current way of thinking considerably impacted linguistic research. The influential new stream in philosophy was rationalism which was manifested in the tendency to attempt to settle disputes by using logic and it became dominant in the language usage. English language started to gain prominence. Variations, that had arisen through years were no longer being looked at with as great tolerance as before. Latin and Greek still carried a great importance. They were the languages on which English grammar was modeled. However, Latin had more influence over English than any other language. Latin conventions and examples were carried over into English to make it more appealing. One of the reasons for this was that Latin grammar was seen as an appropriate pattern upon which to model an English grammar (Cole 2003: 119). The early books written in English were textbooks for the instruction of a foreign language or books that provided a basis for the study of Latin. Now that books were being written for the instruction of English, the authors basically applied the same pattern as they did for Latin. Linguists were trying to force English into a linguistic mold that was no longer suitable for a living language. They wanted to have the same logi c, clarity and force in English as they had when they were using Latin. British writers were worried that English would bring chaos and instability, and would destroy the ease of communication afforded by the stable classical language. One of the early proponents of the call for the authorative regularization of English was John Dryden  [2]  . Eventually, this regularization led to the common acceptance of prescriptive outlook on the language and the rules of correctness. From what was said before regarding the new middle-class, we can conclude that the popularity of the authoritarian movement was due to the popular demand of the middle class for guidance on how to use English properly. Elizabeth Bohnert claims that the need for the proper usage of English also affected speech patterns. What she argues is that the speech patterns of the educated and aristocratic in the capital were naturally considered to be superior throughout the 16th and 17th centuries (Bohnert 2008: 1). It w as not until the age of prescriptivism that certain accents began to be considered faulty. As the middle-class increased in wealth, they desired to have the education and the manners of the ruling class. Their basic assumption was that variation in language was undesirable and printers catered to the need of the wealthy by producing various handbooks. Since material possessions no longer carried the stigma of class, the manner of speaking, pronunciation and grammar became useful in making distinctions among classes. In the late 18th century a few writers from diverse linguistic backgrounds took it upon themselves to distinguish between proper and improper pronunciation, which was a way to instruct the provincials on how to imitate the speech of Londoners. Latin influence eventually became more widespread, which decreased the freedom and individuality of English. English style and elegance reflected those of classical Latin. If there were differences found between the two languages, English was always referred to as faulty, because Latin was after all a classical language. What Latin offered was the definite rules that writers could appeal to and rely on (Cole 2003: 121). English was not reliable because it had no grammar, or at least that was the common assumption. Some writers, when writing in English, had to transform their thoughts or ideas first into Latin so that they could see what the best way of converting them into English was. Borrowing of Latin words greatly enriched English vocabulary, even though this was not something new. However, there were those who thought that such words were redundant. This led to the famous inkhorn  [3]  controversy. This controversy came at the time when English was replacing Latin as the mai n language of science and learning in England. Inkhorns were new words that were being introduced into the language by writers, often self-consciously borrowing from Classical literature. Critics regarded these words as useless as they required knowledge of Latin or Greek to be understood. They also contended that there were words with identical meaning already in English. Many of these so-called inkhorn terms, such as dismiss, celebrate, encyclopedia, or ingenious stayed in the language and are nowadays commonly used. We must stress here that even today Latin and Greek words can be found in formal and scientific writing, but as Cole said those are polysyllabic words (Cole 2003: 122). As English gained prominence, a new fear emerged among learned people. They thought that making English more linguistically rich would lead to ineloquent, imprecise, and ambiguous communication (Cole 2003: 123). The assumption was that English had no codified grammar, which made learned people uneasy, but at the same time gave them a new goal to reach to define English by a set of rules. These rules, for instance about sentence structure and world choice, would be agreed upon by all. However, usage differed very greatly because every writer had his own individual judgment on what was correct and what was not. In spite of their differences, linguists did agree on one fact, which was that English had a prior age when it was pure. It was thought that this former pure state could be restored. However, this turned to be more difficult because every writer had his own period which he considered pure. Some considered Chaucers writing as ideal, some Shakespeares or Swifts. In the 15th century there was an attempt to establish an English Academy, which would deal with linguistic problems. This academy would be modeled on the French academy. The suggestion for setting up such an institution was made by John Barret in the preface of his dictionary. The greatest proponent of this idea was Jonathan Swift. He claimed that language usage could and should be governed by an arbitrary authoritarian body (Cole 2003: 125). Likewise, this proposal brought objections. Some, like John Oldmixon (a poet), though that such an academy would impose its ideas of the language usage on others. Many contemporaries thought the same and the interest slowly waned. Nonetheless, the desire for the language to be ascertained, refined and fixed remained a popular sentiment. Now, the idea of private dictionaries came to be popular. The idea was to make a dictionary that would include all the words of English and a grammar that would detail the proper usage of such words. The two most important works were created in the second part of the 18th century: those were Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language (1755) and Robert Lowths Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762). Decisions about what to put in a dictionary and what to exclude were based on a lexicographers ideology. And every lexicographer has got/had one. One thing that directly comes to mind while going through these linguistic beginnings is that most of the writers sought ways to petrify a language in a certain time. Almost all of them were afraid that their works would not be read by future generations because they would not know how. They could not grasp the fact that it is quite normal for a language to change through time and in contact with other languages. There were attempts for English syntax to be explained. The handbooks were the work of individuals who believed that reforms were necessary and that they were the ones to make them. Most of the reformers had no particular training or qualifications other than the belief that they had a right do declare what was right and wrong about the English language. Some of them were members of the clergy and had knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Because they were all classically trained, they forced English into a classical mold. However, there were exceptions, like Joseph Priestleys The Rudiments of English Grammar. In it Priestley recognized the usage of reputable writers as the standard for linguistic propriety. The eighteenth-century grammarians wanted to prove that English was capable of being described systematically. They did not allow any variations in usage and were strictly against any uncertainty. Many of them based their pronouncements upon their personal preferences. Whenever Latin could not settle any disputed points in the grammar, they would turn to the authority of usage. It is safe to say that they were part prescriptive and part descriptive. By the 18th century, most grammarians agreed that usage must be the factor governing correctness in language. However, they could not agree whose usage should be standard. One that seems to stand out is George Campbell. He wrote Philosophy of Rhetoric in 1776, and in it he defined English as reputable, national and present. He then explains what he means by these definitions. National means that language is neither rural nor foreign (he means Latin or French). Present usage means not the usage of the moment, but it is the usage of the recent past, which has stood the test of time. Reputable means the usage of the best writers. Some of the most notorious prescriptive rules came from this period. Examples of these are the usage of pronouns, It is I or It is me (the correct form is It is I because verb to be always has a nominative case after it). Other rules would be the difference between verbs lie and lay. Lie is a verb that does not require an object, whereas lay requires an object. Users were discouraged from using the modal verbs shall and will interchangeably. Shall should be used only with first person singular and first person plural, and will with second and third persons. The eighteenth century is responsible for the final stamp of disapproval on multiple or double negatives (Cole 2003: 138). Lowth explicitly stated the rule that two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative (We dont need no education). Another rule was that of ending a sentence with a preposition. It was John Dryden, the 17th-century poet and dramatist, who first promulgated the doctrine that a preposition may not be used at the end a sentence. Grammarians in the 18th century refined the doctrine, and the rule has since become one of the most venerated maxims of schoolroom grammar. But sentences ending with prepositions can be found in the works of most of the great writers since the Renaissance. In fact, English syntax not only allows but sometimes even requires final placement of the preposition, as in We have much to be thankful for or That depends on what you believe in. Efforts to rewrite such sentences to place the preposition elsewhere can have comical results, as Winston Churchill demonstrated when he objected to the doctrine by saying This is the sort of English up with which I cannot put. Split infinitives have been condemned as ungrammatical for nearly 200 years, but it is hard to see what exactly is wrong with saying to boldly go (The American Heritage ® Book of English Usage.). In fact, the split infinitive is distinguished both by its length of use and the greatness of its users. People have been splitting infinitives since the 14th century, and some of them include John Donne, Daniel Defoe, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Johnson, William Wordsworth, Abraham Lincoln, George Eliot and Henry James. The only rationale for condemning the construction is based on a false analogy with Latin. The belief is that because the Latin infinitive is a single word, the English infinitive should be treated as if it were a single unit. But English is not Latin, and people split infinitives all the time without giving it a thought. I have already mentioned that prescriptivism also impacted the way people spoke. By the late 19th century prescriptivism had transformed into an effort to expunge any hint of accent that would betray regional distinction, including that of London. This created an environment of linguistic anxiety. During this time the term Cockney transformed into the most condemning term for improper speech in the 19th century. It came to denote somebody who is vulgar and ignorant. The whole 19th century London was riddled with Cockneyism. Prescriptivists described the Cockneys as the prime culprits of language degeneration, and a threat to all gentility and grace. Today, many linguists agree that this were mostly scare tactics aimed at the middle-classes, whose social insecurities made them a ready market for prescriptive coercion. Some such rules governing pronunciation were /h/ dropping (improper /h / usage was associated with the uneducated and illiterate, as proper usage required a knowledge of where h was made in spelling), /h/ insertion (came about as the hypercorrection of /h/ dropping), or post-vocalic /r/. The spate of books, magazines and newspapers that began flowing to the newly developed and fast growing class of literate readers accelerated stabilization and by the beginning of the 20th century the process of standardization of English was stabile. The 20th century gave many manuals written by authors of sufficient scholarship to make those manuals authoritative. One such example is The Kings English (1906) by the Fowler brothers and this was followed by Modern English Usage (1926). CONCLUSION The most important consequence of prescriptive grammar was that people could no longer claim that English had no rules. In addition to that, the distinction between the standard and non-standard usage was made visible. Standard usage is the one we still learn in schools today. Prescriptive grammarians fixed a number of disputed usages in language, even though they started off very indecisive on what the correct form was. Grammarians of that period emphasized rules that are still highly regarded today. Rules like the usage of pronouns I and me, double negation, or splitting the infinitive. After the invention of the printing press, English was promoted as a common language and some attempts at assigning formal structures to the language began to appear. Prescriptive rules have their ultimate justification in the communitys need to make their language meaningful. By making it meaningful, linguists tried to mirror English on the languages they thought were the most appropriate. They thought that classical languages were the best choice. In the end this led to some outrageous rules. The rule against split infinitives, for instance, is a consequence of the peculiar fact that English grammar is modeled on Latin even though Latin is a synthetic language and English is an analytic language. Nevertheless, the linguist of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries helped lead English into a codified and standard position by showing that it had grammar and rules that need to be obeyed.

Mapping an Argument

Mapping an Argument Kimberly Williams CRT/205 11/11/2012 University of Phoenix Mapping an Argument What is the Issue? I have decided to read about the Traditional newspapers are becoming extinct. The issue with this is the cost of the newspapers going up and how the Internet is taking over the place of the newspaper. People are now depending on the Internet for their sources instead of the newspapers. The competition-deflecting effects of printing cost got destroyed by the Internet. The newspaper people often note that newspapers benefit society as a whole, but it is getting so expensive to keep newspapers running.The imperatives to strengthen journalism and to strengthen newspapers have been so tightly wound as to be indistinguishable. They are trying to find ways to strengthen the ways of newspapers. â€Å"Save newspapers† to â€Å"save society† is the big issue of this article. The other issue is to keep the newspapers from becoming extinct. The other article that I read about was the Veterans Administration health care not being readily available in rural areas. The issues of this article were the increased efforts to improve the care that is available for rural veterans.Also anther issue for the veterans was the long distances it is a huge problem for most of them. Long distances and restrictive rules have become an issue for the veterans and they have also become very obstacles to health care for many of them. Rural veterans have other problems with this also. The health care needs of rural veterans and managing the money for expanding care. In addition, oversight of rural health care programs was ineffective. There are so many issues with their heath care needs they are trying to fix them. What are the stated and unstated premises?The stated and unstated premises for Traditional Newspapers Are Becoming Extinct are that the newspaper industry has been fighting for its life since the beginning of the digital age, and also journalism will surv ive without newspapers. Strategizing to survive the on Internet was also one of the stated premises for this article and the unstated premise for this was that they never really stated how they were going to fight and keep the newspapers going in a way that the papers can still be running and people can still use the Internet for sources also.The stated premises for the Veterans Administration Health Care is that the VA has increased efforts to improve the care that is available for rural veterans. Long distances are a problem for many veterans is a stated premise that was in the article, and also veterans had to fight very hard to get every dollar that they could. Suicides among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans have reached record levels because of the heath care and the long distance that have caused problems for them. The unstated premises that weren’t listed that I could find was why most of the veterans did not feel that they had to enroll in a health care plan.What was the reason that they never wanted to enroll and what could the VA have done to help the veterans want to enroll in the heath care plan, what type of jobs did they do to help those that had problems with the long distance? These are some unstated premise that I feel should have been put into the article. What is the conclusion? The conclusion on the Traditional Newspapers Are Becoming Extinct is a plan and a strategy to survive the Internet, and trying to figure out how they can use the newspaper and the Internet without having to stop the use of one of them.They needed a plan how to deal with the Internet. A way for the newspaper to grow unsteady of shirking how to improve the newspaper in away the public would enjoy its use and continue to want to read it unsteady of using the internet. And a way to keep it up and running because the newspaper is coming so expensive to keep it up and running also way to have respected for people when written about a person in the newspaper. The conclu sion on the Veterans Administration Health Care is that the VA needs to find a way to make the veterans want to and enjoy the ability to have VA health care.Furthermore, the VA needs to find A way to make health care available for all of the veterans to have it, and afford the heath care. The VA needs to have rules for veterans heath care so the distance that the veterans live from the nearest facility shouldn’t be a problem. Improving the health care for the veterans is the conclusion for this article. They need to find a way that health care can be provided for all of our veterans because they deserve it. To ensure veterans receive the health care and benefits they have earned.To make a way for the veterans to be seen by out-of-network doctor if the same care is available within the system even if it’s more convenient for them there should be away for them to see what every doctor is available for them at the present time. They need to improve the health care for the veterans. Content and Development 35 Points| Points Earned33/35| | Additional Comments:| All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way. * 350 to 700 words * Examines 2 articles from Opposing Viewpoints in Context * Provides substantive explanations to the following questions: * What is the issue? What are the stated and unstated premises? * What is the conclusion? | Paper addresses two of the assigned articles in a contemplative manner. The paper identifies the issue, premises, and conclusion in an adequate way. Although most points are clear, a few are vague. See notes above. | The content is comprehensive, accurate, and persuasive. | | Major points are stated clearly; are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis; and are organized logically. | | | | Readability and Style 10 Points| Points Earned6/10| | Additional Comments:| The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. | Tone is informative.The writing in this paper has several issues: w ordiness, fragments (incomplete sentences), and vagueness. I've highlighted several examples above and suggested revisions. | Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. | | Sentences are well constructed, strong, and varied. | | Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. | | | | Mechanics 5 Points| Points Earned3/5| | Additional Comments:| The assignment—including tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference page— is consistent with Associate Level Writing Style Handbook formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements. Layout is effective and aids readability. Several mechanical corrections are noted. Citations and references have not been included. It is essential to cite and reference non-original sources correctly. Refer to the formatting guidelines in the Associate Level Writing Style Handbook. | Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page. | | Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. | | Spelling is correct. | | Late Penalty – 10% per day up to 2 days| | Total 50 Points| Total Earned42/50| Overall Comments:Hi Kimberly,Thank you so much for turning in this assignment.You have offered a competent mapping of the articles. You have generally identified the issues, premises, and conclusions and offered a substantive explanation for each. Your post is addresses all points in the assignment. Better organization of the writing would have strengthened the paper. Several mechanical and formatting changes are present. See comments above and in the text for specifics. Good work on this assignment! I hope this assignment has helped you clarify concepts relating to analyzing arguments to identify the issues, premises, and conclusions. |

Top Argumentitive Essay Topics Choices

Top Argumentitive Essay Topics Choices Argumentitive Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? The academic attainment is dependent on several issues like money spent on schooling, the variety of kids in a course, time spent on a subject and teaching practices. Our crew of professional writers with the crucial experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. Finding out how to compose an essay is something which will help students not just in their school and college career, but throughout their life too. College students should base their selection of an area of study on the access to work in that area. The Meaning of Argumentitive Essay Topics If you wish to ease your tension of trying to find hours and hours for easy essays topic selection then you've reached at the appropriate place. To write a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which enables them to make an educated stan ce. In high school and middle school, you aren't necessarily predicted to compose large, serious argument essays. At that stage, you can begin writing full length practice essays. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Be sure to spell out in what way the answers to the questions would help to rate the conclusion. Simple but intriguing topics will do, and you need to just demonstrate you know what an argument essay is and the way to develop and format one. Gossip, Deception and Argumentitive Essay Topics At precisely the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a very good cause and effect essay topic. If you would like to turn to important topics which affect the whole of society, social issues are genuinely an inexhaustible field. If you'd like to help your son or daughter understand how causal relationships work, you can get some beneficial cause and effect worksheets here. The individual grading your paper will likely appreciate how you deviated from the norm. The One Thing to Do for Argumentitive Essay Topics Argumentative research paper topics are a ton a lot easier to find than to produce. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. An essay contains three big components, 1. No matter the quantity or kind of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. You might also want to incorporate a brief discussion of more research that needs to be completed in light of your work. Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other things essential for the high-quality essay. The procedure for translation is known as mathematical modelling. The History of Argumentitive Essay Topics Refuted The essay writing must be carried out in a well-planned and structured way. In the end, towards the conclusion of your conclusion, you can reflect on the way in which the essay compares to something else such as modern occasions or the future. There are a few commonalities across each of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact which each task asks you to take a look at some type of argument and analyze it. Inspiratio n to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. The author should consider vocabulary and concepts which are appropriate to the audience. So, the choice of the topic is most important. The writing process is going to be a pleasure, and your reader will delight in reading your bit of academic writing. The Ideal Approach to Argumentitive Essay Topics Thus, writing a history paper will surely be fun, if you simply choose a really intriguing history essay topic. Scientific inventions weren't made. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! It should also be the one that gives the students enough to write on. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Now you are prepared to produce your very own argumentative topics. The best way to success requires a lot of time and energy. Thus, attempt to think about the answer even before you take a look at the a variety of choices given under the question. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too significant. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good idea to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with.

Spoiled Or Mislead The Affluenza Defense - 1626 Words

Spoiled or Mislead? The Affluenza Defense In January of 2015, student athlete Brock Turner sexually assaulted an intoxicated, unconscious woman. In June of 2016, Turner was sentenced to a mere six months in prison. The reasoning of such a short sentence being it would have a â€Å"severe impact on him, [and his father argued that] a kid’s life shouldn’t be ruined†¦because of 20 minutes of action†(Dockterman 2). This argument is one that is often brought up in recent culture. Teens or young adults who are convicted of crimes such as sexual assault, driving under intoxication, or other similar types of crimes are often let off the hook. This defense used is known as â€Å"Affluenza†, or, as defined by Matt Gutman of ABC News, the idea of being â€Å"too spoiled by [one’s] parents to know right from wrong†(Gutman 2). The â€Å"Affluenza† defense is a greatly debated one. Those who argue in favor of the affluenza defense often make arguments along the lines of a spoiled lif e causing a child to not see consequences of their actions. Along these lines, they argue that if the children don’t see what their outcome may be, and they carry out negative, harmful, illegal action, their life shouldn’t be ruined based off of the one bad decision. Those who believe in affluenza think that these young people can be steered straight, and these moments can be used as teaching experiences. However, others do not agree in the validity of the Affluenza defense. Those with this perspective also make the argument

Barrows Vs. Shaku And Dharmapal An Argumentative Analysis

Barrows vs. Shaku and Dharmapala: an argumentative analysis John Henry Barrows and Soyen Shaku represent more than just two religious luminaries having a good-hearted debate. Their deliberation at the late 19th century Parliament of Religions represents the East versus the West, modernity versus tradition and rhetoric versus logic. It’s difficult to take a side on which religion is superior indefinitely because Barrow’s full argument is not in the passage and Shaku is helped a little by Angarika Dharmapala, it is possible, however, to juxtapose Barrow’s arguementative skills in â€Å"Words of Welcome† to Shaku’s and Dharmapala’s skills in their argument for Buddhism. Upon an in depth analysis of both passages, it is clear that Shaku and†¦show more content†¦It’s clear from the statement â€Å"Christendom may proudly hold up this congress of faiths† that Barrows takes pride in the fact that Christianity is the religion that made the conference possible (128). He furthers this poi nt towards the end of his speech by saying that, â€Å"the arms of human brotherhood had reached almost around the globe†, hinting that the â€Å"human brotherhood† would not have been possible without Christianity (129). Barrows’s message of Christian superiority doesn’t end with this one idea though. Barrow’s strongest argument for Christianity comes in the form of a comparison to America, or rather the success of America. Barrows makes the argument that America is a Christian nation, not in the way that the government and the church are the same, but in the way that historically Christians like â€Å"Columbus and Luther† and the â€Å"pilgrims† helped make America into the country it is today. He goes on to say that â€Å"America owes so much to the Christian college and Christian school† meaning that Christian education laid the foundation for his â€Å"jubilee of civilization† that people all around the world flock to (128). In the midst of all of Barrows’s rhetoric and eloquence, his logic may seem sound, but once the rhetoric is removed we see a typical logical fallacy in his speech. Essentially, without the rhetoric, Barrows is using the logical trajectory: Christianity is one of the foundations of America, America is successful, and therefore Christianity must have made

Managing Remote Employees Free Essays

string(54) " dialoging the difficulties with a client might fail\." After four years with Outlook Marketing Services Inc, Jeff Rappaport, in January 2001,emailed his entire staff at Northbrook, 111, announcing Suzette sexton’s promotion.  It would have been too long a walk for Suzette, no wonder she opted to work from home. She was not at all disturbed as none of her colleague at the twenty-man business stopped by her office to congratulate her, rather the commendations came in great quantities in form of emails-she was embarrassed. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Remote Employees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rappaport said â€Å"all her hard work was recognized and rewarded†.This in-turn affected him positively. He has been able to overcome the one of the most troublesome work any employer is likely to encounter in the workforce of today-he manage remote employees by simply keeping them excited and engaged with developing a firm. This is a sure task every leader must face for as long as the quest for success remains. The choice of working from home with computer and internet access has become a welcome lifestyle for employees. Increasingly small business owners accommodate this method of work for they tend to benefit a lot when their employees work from the comfort of their homes. The author of Managing Telework:† Strategies for managing the virtual workforce† Jack. M. Nilles (John Wiley and sons, 1998), said ‘productivity increases for most companies with remote workers’. Again, he said ‘the higher the salary, the more the productivity gain’ Their some inner barriers in work –from-home relationship between the two parties- the employer and the employees. These business owners themselves are often the biggest barriers to a productive relationship. A telecommunicating and virtual office consultant, Gil Gordon, in Monmouth Junction, N.J, once said that ‘the hardest thing is learning to manage with your brain instead of your eyeballs’. The most important thing for employees to do is to have aims and meet them, not just work alone. The founder of the twelve employee, Rye Brook, N.Y based Acappella software, David Bromberg, oversees his three programmers who works from home by measuring /checking their ability to complete jobs. Most experienced managers of remote workers have succeeded in making a change and thereby improved the pattern to imitate the existing ones. An online time clock added by Mike Birdsall and his wife Maureen to run their company ; Birdsall InteractiveInc,has helped them to checkmate the on   time the sixteen employees of Oakland,California,web design firm   if they are working from home. What he actually does is – punch in his hour just as if he is in his office. Lack of corresponding ways of measuring productivity in the office makes the employers frequent discovery on productivity for their remote employees futile. On the other hand smaller companies with the remote workers are often more productive for they seems more focused –managers frequently rely on wise looking ideas in giving out and measuring work progress. These are clues that are not evident as one works from the comfort of his or her home. The president of Manufacturing Consultant DKM Inc, Murat Sehidoglu, for instance, assigns projects regularly to his seventeen employees. Most of these employees seldom visit the office in Los Angeles. Sehidoglu admits that lack of face time makes him experience a continual difficulty in making such assignments. He does not even know if the employees understand the job whether they are really willing to continue in it. The ability to assign task to an employee and checkmate him or her progress, is what Gordon calls ‘Hallway Management’. Another way is by asking questions based on the field of job assigned to the employee involved as you come across him/ them at any spot throughout the day. This rather becomes difficult to do when the employee works from home. Employees and manager can be kept coordinated by electronic mailing system. Technology and smart management has tremendously helped in overcoming communication difficulties. To keep tabs on her seven workers scattered throughout the country Louise Guryan, The principal of Media Connection LLC in Seattle, uses the electronic mailing system (email). Sometimes she will deliberately plan an email, which every employee had to copy as they work with one another and at the same time maintaining the customers relation through direct-mail projects. By using regular conference calls Rappaport was able to stay in –touch with her remote employees. This is one vital role the telephone plays in managing remote employees. ‘We have weekly teleconference with everybody and while a project is going on, there are almost daily teleconferences between the people involved’ she says. Remote workers are often difficult to get on phone, not even a prompt email response. Managers new to work-at-home sometimes may have a wrong impression at this and may just conclude, they have gone out for pleasure, whereas these remote workers may be doing something else or even trying to get a project done. So he certainly does not need any distractions! For an employee to be available during a particular hour, there must be a discussion in advance of agreeing to their working from the comfort of their homes, says Nilles. Top employees need not payphone bills for Birdsall always foot it. He believes he can always reach them during business hours for as long as their phones are on. This is discretion and management strategy. It is also worthy of note that nothing discourages clients like when they cannot reach someone. For this reason, Guryan established a single toll-free number that easily connects client with her employees. By screening and forwarding incoming business calls, firms can easily reach an employee’s home. Therefore, balance is required to get in touch with a work-from-home employee. A New York consultant, Caryn Furst, who manage remote workers by training businesses said ‘you have to stay out of people’s way. I don’t respond to every messages going back and forth’. By email a fast progress observation might come in handy. For this Gordon said that for every circumstance, the right form of communication should be selected. On the other hand, dialoging the difficulties with a client might fail. You read "Managing Remote Employees" in category "Essay examples" Somebody working from home cannot be easily made angry. Though quarrels sometimes arises but one need to learn how to detect it from a distance. It is well agreed that an employee cannot do the work of an employer for he know virtually nothing about it. Take for instance an employee calling Bromberg to talk to an intending client about a project- He could not communicate well with the client. In communication with remote workers of today, it is either by phone or email for they are faster than the posted mail. Managers may find opposition if their emails are copied between two parties thereby making a rubbish of the messages. This may cause a lot of unrest if one is not sensitive enough. Quarrels may arise between the remote workers and the office employees. the in-office employees should be addressed properly –letting them know why things are the way they are or it may arouse a high level of resentment. There should be a sensation to the fear among remote employees being sidelined. To this end Rappaport fights the problem and makes sure that his entire employees understood that teleworker are part and parcel of the company. Building on success while working with remote employees requires special training. Again, for this teleworkers not to get stranded later on, a comprehensive policy handbook should be given from inception by the company. By simply detailing what an employee should do, the avenue for confrontation will not occur. Rappaport did it and it worked for him. He ensured that by the 7th of each month, expenses reports are ready.  Every employer should endeavor to train their remote workers whenever any new technology is added to the company’s system. An example of such modern technology is the instant messaging (IM). The office friendliness that remote employees may lack could be increased by the use of IM, if properly introduced. Instant messaging provides an outlet for his programmers, says Bromberg. He also added that ‘it’s a source for our humor’. Even though remote workers chose to work from home sometimes they may feel isolated. to this recognition, Guryan encourages teleworkers to join organizations and socialize.  Employers like Furst and Rappaport deemed it necessary for clients to organize lunches and recreations after off-meetings so that office and remote workers can harmonize with one another-building a team spirit. Looking at the case of this employer called Sehidoglu, it was from the survey he had with the remote staff that gave him the eye-opener that he has not been communicating the vision of the company to his staff properly. He thus opted to spending a part of every eyeball-to-eyeball meeting to relate an up to date running of the business to his remote staff. According to Rappaport; ‘There should never be any surprises’. This is a description that best suit a successful relationship with remote employees. Summary As a remote employee one may hardly be recognized since one is not visibly seen in the office .Sometimes the dirty and difficult job may even be done by that unknown worker. Wise business owners had developed a way in getting these remote workers excited as they in turn work for the company’s growth. With the presence of computer and internet access, most employees have taken a new lifestyle working from home. Some companies benefits if their employee’s works from the comfort of their homes, especially the small business owner’s .They believe that productivity increases wit the remote workers. What mostly attracts them is the salary. According to Nilles ‘the higher the salary, the more the productivity gain. In this challenge of managing remote employees, it can easily be seen that business owners are themselves the obstacle to a productive remote working relationship. Most of them believe in the presence of the workers around them and the activities in the company instead of results. It is how well not how far! Some of them use devices in checkmating the activities with and without the company’s premises- how their employees are faring, whether they are doing their job or not. Anyway, keeping an eye on an employee is not the only reasons managers like having them around. They may also need their idea as in the progress of work. These ideas are missing when an employee works from the comfort of his or her home. Sometimes employers could be very confused not seeing their employees around them what they often do is-assign projects to them. The introduction of email technology can help any smart management overcome these difficulties .It helps in keeping the employer and employees connected. Telephone is another device that has helped a lot in connecting people. With this device a teleconference may be held between the people involved in a project so as to stay in touch –employer and the remote employees. To get a remote worker a discussion prior to the date and hour of schedule should be settled. No wonder most of the managers new to remote work will complain that remote workers are difficult people-you hardly get them when you need them. In fact, balance is needed to communicate with a remote worker. In communicating with a remote employee, one should not rely on only one method. Every employee should endeavor to train their remote staff as regards any new technology introduced in the company’s system. An example is the Instant Messaging (IM). With proper introduction of this IM, an employer may create a friendly relation that remote workers may lack. ‘It is a source for humor’ says Bromberg. Every employer should try to carry their staff along, be it in-office or remote staff. Bibliography These are excerpt from the article written by Sandlund C. Retrieved March 22,2007,From Google search database. Books Used. Managing Telework; ‘Strategies for Managing the virtual workforce’ by Jack M. Nilles (John Wiley Sons; $34.95; 1998). ‘An Organizational guide to telecommuting’ by George. M.Puskurich (American Society for Training Development: $29.95; 1998). Website Organisations. International Telework Association council (http://www.telcoa.org/)-member organization in telework. These are excerpt from the article written by Chris Sandlund. Online Services Schedule online (http://www.scheduleonline.com/) is an online scheduling tool that can help coordinate meeting event between in-office remote staff. How to cite Managing Remote Employees, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior for Selection Methods and Leadership

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behavior for Selection Methods and Leadership. Answer: Introduction This case study report is a study of organizational behavior (OB) and how it can help in the management of contemporary organizations and push them towards reaching their strategic goals with the help of their people by means of understanding the way of explaining, predicting and influencing the behavior of individuals and teams. The case study deals with Australian-based Dominos Pizza Enterprises and their upcoming recruitment drive. The organization has decided on upsizing the workforce and their remuneration packages. The organization is going to use their centralized recruitment website for bringing in the new workers, along with word-of-mouth and the local connections. Their already strong brand reputation helped in reducing the recruitment time for team members. The main areas that this report would be covering are team effectiveness and recruitment, organizational culture and leadership, and conflict and stress in teams. Factors affecting group effectiveness, selection methods , leadership styles/behaviors, types of group conflict and their impact would be discussed in details, with the help of academic literature and proper analysis, while addressing the main areas in the report. Recommendations of effective techniques would be provided for the proper management of teams, related challenges and conflicts, recruitment and communication challenges. Discussion Teams and Recruitment The most important factors that impact group effectiveness for creating a list of team-member selection criteria for selecting a Dominoid for Dominos are discussed as follows: Cohesiveness: The first important factor for consideration is the way members are cohesive with one another. A cohesive team pushes the members towards willingness and commitment for striving for excellence. Team cohesion influences the extent to which members get along with each other, like one another, and respects and trusts ones opinions and abilities (Ohland et al. 2012). Communication: Effective communication mechanisms are vital for the development of effective teams. For understanding the scope of a goal and agreeing upon a path for reaching that goals, it is necessary for teams to develop an effective communication method (Nelson et al. 2012). Groupthink: Groupthink is the inclination in decision-making teams for suppressing contending viewpoints for preserving group harmony. This can occur as individual team members possess an overwhelming wish of being accepted and teams wish to reduce conflicts. Homogeneity: Homogeneity is the degree by which team members are similar or dissimilar. At the time of evaluating team homogeneity, managers can consider similarities and dissimilarities in individual characteristics, skills, education, capabilities, cultural background, generational backgrounds and income levels. Homogenous teams have an inclination of being highly cohesive and can effortlessly develop effective communication approaches that help in reducing conflict. However, excessive homogeneity leads in the direction of greater examples of groupthink (Levi 2015). Role Identity: Role identity is the degree to which the members of a group have the capability of assuming different roles all across the team structure, therefore diversifying exertions and developing subject matter experts. The diverse range of knowledge and skills that each of the members bring to the team offer a large range of capabilities required for achieving goals. Stability: The extent of stability amongst members and leaders largely impacts team performance. Managers get the option of evaluating the extent to which members are securely autonomous with one another that comes with steady and trusting relationships. Team Size: By assessing teams size, managers have the capability of maximizing productivity for ensuring high levels of team performance. For evaluating whether a team is extremely large or small, managers need to consider the effectiveness and harmony by which the team members work together and if the necessary tasks are getting effectively accomplished by every member of the team (Mueller 2012). Selection or sourcing methods that can be used for selecting team members, making sure of validity and acceptability are as follows: Internal sourcing: Internal sourcing the method of promoting a fresh or lately vacated position inside an organization for existing employees. This situation arises when the employees who are presently working in an organization are departed to another department or promoted to a higher position. If the performance of the employees is good and up to the mark they are provided with the opportunity of occupying a higher level from their current position. If additional skills are necessary, at times the organizations are prepared for providing training. It is one of the easiest way of selecting applicants as their performance is already under the notice of the senior management. Some methods of internal recruitment are promotions, internal advertisements, contract to temporary, temporary to permanent, and so on (Brunswicker and Vanhaverbeke 2015). External sourcing: The external sourcing method of recruitment is the way of conducting employee candidate searching with the help of external recruitment tools, like newspaper advertisements, job boards and trade publication announcements. External employees always feel fresh, innovative and young for their new job, more motivated and active enough for finding any business issues and then fixing it. Even though recruiting external applicants might become difficult for the organization, however, that has more positive influence on the business in comparison with the internal source. External sourcing helps in creating better and new opportunities for the job seekers. It assists in externally increasing branding and in turn improves business strategy. The new innovative ideas and advancements helps in bringing high productivity (Brunswicker and Vanhaverbeke 2015). Interviewing: Interviewing is a selection procedure that is designed for the prediction of future job performances based on the candidates verbal responses to verbal inquiries. Interviewing method must only be used if it is known that there will be an uninterrupted time for reviewing the applicants resume and conducting an insightful interview. Interviews are useful in the determination if the candidate possesses the required communicative or social skills that might be necessary for the position. In this method the interviewer gets the option of obtaining supplementary information about the candidate. This method can be put to use for selecting amongst equally qualified applicants. It even makes it possible for the applicant to ask questions for additional information (Tarzia et al. 2013). Culture and Leadership Todays business landscape is defined by globalization and diversity. The intermingling workforce has made it necessary that the leaders have the capability of managing the culturally diverse workforce in an effective manner. In a succinct approach, leadership inside a culturally diverse workforce is a hurdle and it hard to mention any single leadership style or behavior that would be the most suitable (Bordas 2012). Therefore, an optimal mix of different leadership styles and behaviors would be discussed for finding what fits the atmosphere. Transformational Leadership: Transformational or charismatic leaders have the ability of inspiring and motivating followers, not from exercising any authority but from the dint of their personality. That is why this style has been hypothesized by many as being universally effective across cultures. This form of leadership is encouraging, motivating, dynamic, confidence building, and excellence oriented. This hugely supports the transformational approach, completely substantiating it. The influence of charismatic behaviour has been proved universally positive across cultures. Cultures that are less traditional in nature are more receptive towards transformational leadership style, making the implication that some nationalities embrace this style more enthusiastically than their other counterparts (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). Team-oriented Leadership: this form of leadership undertakes an organizationally competent leader who concentrates on the achievement of one common purpose and objectives tactfully. Team orientation is considered very vital for leadership effectiveness across a lot of nations. Team sense is largely entrenched in collective cultures, making the scenario that it might not end up as one separate element for being noticed. This form is more embraced by females than males at any workplace. There exists a negative correlation of this form inside culturally individualistic societies, and even after that this form is worthy of being given the vote in current day business scenario (Dorfman et al. 2012). Participative Leadership: Managers across majority of the nations in this world espoused participative leadership, even though they have a small voice when discussing their subordinates capabilities of taking part in decision making. Even though this form is considered by managers as being suitable across some of the major cultures, its contribution towards effective leadership in an organization is different across cultures. The leadership form in itself is efficient in a culturally diverse setting. However, its functionality might lessen if the subordinates do not possess the necessary potential of taking art in decision making (Lam, Huang and Chan 2015). Supportive Leadership: this form of leadership is positively associated with job satisfaction of employees along with their leaders all over the world. A supportive or humane-oriented leader displays the due significance towards the workers that they deserve and that matters, and its outcomes are displaying universal applicability. Humane-oriented leadership have strong and sharp cultural variations backing it (De Vries 2012). Conflict and Stress Conflict and stress in organizations stop individuals from giving their best. Stress gets caused by a number of different factors and that can lead to serval consequences. Stress has become a frequent outcome of conflict and conflict increases stress. In case of workplace conflict, that can arise from different interpersonal relationships, from different intergroup relationships and among organizations and their environment. Workplace conflict is dangerous for peoples physical and emotional wellbeing. Conflicts in an organization brings in increased levels of stress for everyone who is contact with it, irrespective of whether they are directly or indirectly involved. With the increase in stress levels among workers, productivity suffers and absenteeism rises. Workers who are dealing with the impact of stress are more probable of fueling existing conflicts as their capability of objectively dealing with emotionally charged situations reduces (DeTienne et al. 2012). For further adding to the complexity, even intense conflict might become so much ingrained in the processes and the regular interactions of any organization that it might mix into the background, so that the steps for remedying the situation might not be noticeable amidst the pessimism. This continuous cycle of conflict and stress not just has an impact on the mind but also on the body and even contributes to injury rates. It has been widely understood that making the body suffer under extended or chronic stress might be leading it to illnesses like ulcers and heart diseases. However, the combination of conflict and stress could also put the body at the risk of injury. People get less focused on the mechanics of their tasks, make mistakes that can lead to injuries and this has led organizations in looking at "mind-body" programs as a broad way of preventing and managing conflict, stress and injury. Stress and conflict directly influences the organization, as a result of which performance declines and withdrawal behaviors like turnover and absenteeism occurs. People even start exhibiting poor attitude when they are under too much stress. Even burnouts happen from stress and general feeling of exhaustion that might arise when any individual is under excessive stress (Rubenfeld and Clment 2012). It has been seen that workplace tension and disagreements happen from communication breakdown (Beheshtifar and Zare 2013). Poor ineffective communication, in which people send mixed messages, say something and do something else, or do not listen or follow results in conflicts. Conflict cannot always be considered as a negative force - at times it helps push an organization towards findings solutions for something which they would never have come up with in any other time. Most of the time workplace conflict is all about innovation and creativity attempting at taking place (Serrat 2017). For solving conflicts that arise because of communication issues at Dominos, the following recommendations can be followed: Addressing issues openly and immediately: It is important that whenever any conflict arises amongst the team members immediate action must be taken up for resolving it quickly. With all the parties it must be addressed as soon as possible. If it is ignored by the leader it can aggravate and then corrode the reliability of the leader and the culture of the organization. Setting clear expectations: Good management of expectations - in terms of what is expected from others and what is expected from the leader - is one of the most crucial thing that can be done by the team for facilitating better communication. Anything that is needed from one another needs to be properly defined and expressed. At times managers fail explaining or communicating clearlywhat is expected in terms of deadlines, format, quality or any other key factor. Build listening skills: Listening is a very undervalued skill that can have an actual influence on the way conflicts arise and the way that can be avoided. Especially at times of conflict resolution, it is very important that communication is clear and honest, and what others are attempting at communication is listened to. There is a need of a culture that is created where people are actually listening to one another. Conclusion On amalgamating the discussion, analysis and synthesis of the ideas extracted from the report and case study analysis, it can be said that strategic goals can be met with the help of the people inside the organization by means of understanding the way of explaining, predicting and influencing the behavior of individuals and teams. Factors affecting group effectiveness, selection methods, leadership styles/behaviors, types of group conflict and their impact was discussed in details, with the help of academic literature and proper analysis, while addressing the main areas of organizational behavior. References and Bibliography Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Beheshtifar, M. and Zare, E., 2013. Interpersonal conflict: A substantial factor to organizational failure.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,3(5), p.354. Bordas, J., 2012.Salsa, soul, and spirit: Leadership for a multicultural age. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Brunswicker, S. and Vanhaverbeke, W., 2015. Open innovation in small and medium?sized enterprises (SMEs): External knowledge sourcing strategies and internal organizational facilitators.Journal of Small Business Management,53(4), pp.1241-1263. Chou, S.Y., 2012. Millennials in the workplace: A conceptual analysis of millennials' leadership and followership styles.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,2(2), p.71. De Vries, R.E., 2012. Personality predictors of leadership styles and the selfother agreement problem.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), pp.809-821. DeTienne, K.B., Agle, B.R., Phillips, J.C. and Ingerson, M.C., 2012. The impact of moral stress compared to other stressors on employee fatigue, job satisfaction, and turnover: An empirical investigation.Journal of Business Ethics,110(3), pp.377-391. Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A. and House, R., 2012. GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership.Journal of World Business,47(4), pp.504-518. Gandolfi, F., 2012. A conceptual discussion of transformational leadership and intercultural competence.Revista De Management Comparat International,13(4), p.522. Lam, C.K., Huang, X. and Chan, S.C., 2015. The threshold effect of participative leadership and the role of leader information sharing.Academy of Management Journal,58(3), pp.836-855. Levi, D., 2015.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Mueller, J.S., 2012. Why individuals in larger teams perform worse.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,117(1), pp.111-124. Nelson, D., Quick, J., Wright, S. and Adams, C., 2012.ORGB. Cengage Learning. Ohland, M.W., Loughry, M.L., Woehr, D.J., Bullard, L.G., Felder, R.M., Finelli, C.J., Layton, R.A., Pomeranz, H.R. and Schmucker, D.G., 2012. The comprehensive assessment of team member effectiveness: Development of a behaviorally anchored rating scale for self-and peer evaluation.Academy of Management Learning Education,11(4), pp.609-630. Rubenfeld, S. and Clment, R., 2012. Intercultural conflict and mediation: An intergroup perspective.Language Learning,62(4), pp.1205-1230. Serrat, O., 2017. Harnessing creativity and innovation in the workplace. InKnowledge Solutions(pp. 903-910). Springer Singapore. Tarzia, L., Bauer, M., Fetherstonhaugh, D. and Nay, R., 2013. Interviewing older people in residential aged care about sexuality: difficulties and challenges.Sexuality and Disability,31(4), pp.361-371.